Read one article domestic cold chain logistics industry chain and business model

     Compared to the cost of general logistics, cold chain logistics to be higher than 40% to 60%. Industrial chain can be divided into upstream cold chain equipment manufacturers and cold chain technology providers, agricultural products, medicine and other production enterprises and downstream of storage areas and circulation. wherin the storage and transport are higher, greatly increasing the cost of cold chain logistics, but also reduces the loss rate.

     First, cold chain equipment and technology is the basis

     Covered frozen cold chain logistics processing, cold storage, cold chain and cold chain transportation sales process. Cold chain industry boom lift will lead to cold storage, refrigerated and frozen cold chain equipment and other facilities to benefit. Major facilities include cold chain logistics or low temperature logistics center, fresh food processing centers (including central kitchens), refrigerated supermarket display cases. In all aspects of the cold chain logistics, cold storage is the core facilities, accounting for its investment in the construction of the cold chain is also the highest.

     Mature cold chain logistics cover the entire process from production to sales, and the entire process is the production, processing, storage, marketing and other processes are carried out cold chain process, specific point of view can be divided into four different technologies:

     First, the source of vacuum techology and ice temperature techology;

    Second, the use of automatic technology in cold storage stage;

    Third, the use of refrigerated transport logistics model refrigerated trucks, refrigerated trucks and rail supporting the use of refrigerated containers;

    Fourth, the use of information technology to establish an electronic virtual fruits and vegetables cold chain logistics supply chain management system, the entire process chain to produce dynamic monitoring.

    Currently, domestic enterprises mainly concentrated in the cold chain storage and refrigeration technology stage, supply chain management system to conduct a comprehensive temperature control is the future direction of development. The energy efficient elements for advanced intelligent technology solutions will be the direction of the cold chain logistics industry, now, Japan walk in the forefront.

    Second, warehousing

    Mature strict cold-chain system with standard temperature. China's current total cold storage capacity of more than 8,000 million cubic meters, can store over 30 million tons of goods, but a lot of cold storage is limited to frozen meat, fish and storage, function is relatively simple. Three countries around the world has shown a cold storage capacity of more than 10% annual growth rate, which is the highest growth rate in Turkey, India, Peru and China. In 2014, India's cold storage capacity has surpassed the US to become the world's countries with the largest capacity of the freezer, the cold storage capacity of 131 million cubic meters, of which 5% is held by the Government of India. The United States has 115 million cubic meters of cold storage capacity, 76% capacity as a public cold storage lease. According to the International Association of Refrigerated Warehouses (IARW) showed the world's largest cold storage industry, the top three are India, the United States and China.

    And because China's large population, as the world's most populous country, with a rate level lower than most comparable countries, cold storage, cold storage volume per capita is between 0.1 to 0.3. While the Netherlands since 2014, become urban residents per capita consumption of cold countries with the highest in recent years, basically stable at 1.144 m3 / person.

    Our main categories of cold storage Frozen cold storage, cold storage and ultra-low temperature was cooled library, wher the first two accounted for a higher proportion of ultra-low temperature for only 0.2%. From the cold storage product categories, the fruit and vegetable, meat and fish-based higher proportion of agricultural products, together accounting for nearly 60%.

    According to statistics, the domestic cold storage holdings of the largest in East China region, for a total of 900 million tons, accounting for more than 45%. Overall construction and development of cold storage imbalances, mainly in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities, while relatively small distribution of Northwest Area and other inland cities.

    Our refrigerator was built mostly in the 1990s, mainly ammonia as a refrigerant, but due to ammonia toxicity prone to explosion, so now carbon dioxide refrigeration systems for the leading cold storage has become the mainstream of development. 2015 China's total capacity of over 30 million tons of cold storage capacity of the top ten companies to third-party logistics warehousing.

    By comparing the average rental price of cold storage provinces, we found that first-tier cities such as Shanghai and remote areas such as higher Guangxi, Xinjiang and other places of the rental price, while the weather is hot regions such as Hainan cold storage rental price is relatively high.

    Currently our cold storage industry concentration is low, with superior integration capabilities giant has not yet appeared, the top ten of the cold chain storage operators accounting for 10.5% of the market, the top 30 operators account for 17.3%. Decentralized operations allows businesses independently, can not scale to optimize the scheduling, dragging down the overall level of profitability of the industry.

    Cold storage is the basis for the development of the refrigerator industry is an important part of the cold chain. According to the Ministry of Agriculture estimated that by 2020, China's per capita consumption of vegetables, but also to increase the existing 30 kg 370 kg based on the new demand mainly by increasing yields and reducing losses resolved. In addition, frozen food production by 20% annually the past three years or even 35% of high growth, much higher than the global average growth rate of 9%. Future With increased year by year perishable food and frozen food demand, China's demand for cold storage remains high level.

    Third, transport

   As a cold chain infrastructure, it is expected to accelerate the development of refrigerated trucks. Cold storage and refrigerated trucks are two basic cold-chain infrastructure, the construction of cold storage in the developed regions gradually saturated, refrigerated trucks but overall volume is still small.

   2015 sales of refrigerated trucks reached 18,000, an increase of 9.65%. According to statistics of the China Automotive Technology and Research Center, in 2000 China sales of refrigerated trucks only about 3900, turned 15 years nearly five times, CAGR of more than 10%.

    Our refrigerated transport currently dominated by road, highway refrigerated trucks is expected in 2020 will reach 4.1 billion yuan market, CAGR for the next five years of around 5%. Refrigerated trucks from the road now holdings, the market capacity of over 80,000. With the advent of road transport caused by environmental problems and labor shortages driver freight, rail transport also will usher in development opportunities.

    Refrigerated trucks holdings, approximately 30,000 of its own refrigerated trucks, refrigerated trucks society of more than 50,000 vehicles. Refrigerated trucks in the domestic regional distribution of holdings showed a similar pattern with a cold, east and other regions of its own refrigerated trucks densities were generally higher in these areas is also more general economic development, people's living standards, high levels of consumption, food quality and security and more attention.

    Fourth, the business model

    Domestic cold chain service provider business model there are eight kinds, namely transport type, storage type, urban distribution, integrated type, transaction type, supply chain, the electricity supplier and type of things + type. At present, the market competitors can be divided into four categories, namely by traditional logistics business transformation, self-built self-manufacturer of cold chain sector, cold chain professional service providers, the cold chain giant foreign joint venture enterprise established in China .

    Fresh Cold Chain Logistics electricity supplier has become a hot demand for objects that influence policy-driven, 15-year electricity supplier fresh market transactions reached 49.71 billion yuan, an increase of 80.8%, but the proportion of total retail sales of agricultural products was only 3.4%, the future is still have greater room for growth. On the other hand, in 2015 the best-selling fresh online shopping category TOP3 are fruits, dairy products and meat. Due to the special nature, fresh hot electricity supplier industry category also continue to promote the progress of distribution of fresh, fresh delivery date of arrival rate has reached 52.5%, more than two days to reach the two-thirds ratio.

    With the rise of fresh electricity supplier industry, cold chain logistics industry has been rapid development. More and more companies began to try to cold chain logistics in the field of logistics of fresh layout, including self-built and third-party logistics business logistics enterprises. Producers through cold chain logistics fast, secure way to deliver products to downstream consumers, enhance the user experience.

    Undoubtedly, fresh electricity providers led to the development of cold chain logistics industry, but if undertaken by a single stream of fresh electricity Vendor independence, few have the ability to complete the consolidation in the industry from manufacturers to sell full coverage of pre-cooling, and transport operators dispersion is difficult to form scale, so optimistic about the third-party logistics cold chain logistics industry consolidation penetration. Currently it has formed, including SF cold transport mode, Jingdong Mall mode, Henan supply chain Fresh & Easy drag and nine supply chain, including four third-party cold chain logistics model.

    Four kinds of third-party cold chain logistics model

    Fifth, the profit margin

    But at present, the pre-cooling missing link, decentralized operation, transport network behind the lack of an effective information management system is the main reason for the higher cost of the cold chain. Our profit margin is 10% at room temperature, cold chain profit margin of 8%, while in developed countries the cold chain profit margins can reach 20% to 30%

    Sixth, the cost

    Currently the cost is relatively expensive cold chain logistics, cold chain, large and small enterprises developed rapidly, but are not bound by a high level of profitability. Domestic agricultural electricity supplier close 4000, of which only 1% of the profit. Especially large electricity providers earnings dragged down by the impact is more serious, mainly because they want to build the logistics chain, cost recovery period is longer.

    Expensive cold chain logistics costs mainly by transport costs, warehousing costs, inventory costs and management costs composition. Transportation costs and storage costs which a larger proportion, while the proportion of the cost of inventory is relatively small. To save costs, some small and medium enterprises using a "missing link" way to operate - with room temperature instead of cold chain transport, resulting in impaired product quality. We believe that the key to reducing costs is reasonable formation of efficient cold chain. During transport, enterprises should focus on the current development of cold chain logistics, and actively develop more varieties of small quantities of small groups machine cold car, meet the market demand for more varieties of small quantities of supply deliveries. In the distribution management stage, companies can for the shelf life of a large number of small orders very short product distribution network point of many complex issues such as time windows, take small orders combined, integrated distribution network, merging different product time window to reduce transportation costs. For inventory control, companies need to minimize the vacancy rate in cold storage, with the inventory information system to determine the optimal reorder point under equilibrium conditions and shortage of goods expired.