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Cost analysis and control of the construction and operation of cold storage

According to the intercooler alliance, there are different standards for building and management of cold storage enterprises in China, such as big customers' dependence and scattered demand of small customers. Investors should also screen out the advantages and disadvantages of system integration and engineering total package, new energy and various refrigerants. In addition, the construction and operation cost of cold storage has caused extensive concern and thinking in the industry. The construction of cold storage and operation cost are high, the cost of the construction cost of ten thousand tons cold storage is up to 42 million 100 thousand yuan, and the annual operating cost budget is up to 14 million 40 thousand yuan.
 
The type and cost analysis of China's cold storage construction
 
According to the distribution data of the 2017 edition, the cold storage capacity of our country is 36 million 95 thousand and 600 tons, which is 325% higher than that of 2008's 8 million 500 thousand tons in 2017. For the cold storage capacity of our country, there are always different opinions in the industry. But throughout the industry, only the cold chain logistics branch of the China cold alliance and the China Refrigeration and air conditioning industry association co sponsored by the China Refrigeration and air conditioning industry association, the data issued jointly by leading enterprises in many industries is the most authoritative and accurate. To this end, the Secretary General and the secretary general, Liu Jing organization Secretariat and the member department held a special meeting to discuss how to collect data scientifically, standard and comprehensive. At present, the 2018 edition of the "national cold chain logistics enterprise distribution map" has completed the statistical work of 13 provinces and cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. At the same time, the latest and most authoritative data will be published on the summit forum of the "2008 and 2018 China cold chain forum" at the end of April of 1898. In 2018, into the new era, China's cold chain industry from high speed development to high quality development, the 2018 edition of "the national cold chain logistics enterprise distribution map", what changes will have in the capacity of cold storage? What role will it play in guiding the industry to carry out "three reduction, one reduction and one subsidy" and reduce construction and operation cost? On the 25-26 th of April, the 2008 and 2018 China cold chain forum held in Nanjing will be announced for you. At that time, the alliance will invite government leaders, experts, scholars and business representatives to conduct in-depth and extensive discussions on these issues and trends. 2008 and 2018, reviewing ten years and looking forward to ten years, the past, today and future of the cold chain industry in China will form the "package" results with the most authoritative data, the most vivid model and the most deep report, and share in the forum. In addition, the global cold storage continued to grow, and the growth rate of cold storage in China ranked first, and gradually approached the US level in terms of total volume.
 
Although the total amount of cold storage in China is large, the per capita possession is far lower than that of the developed countries such as the United States and Japan, and the existing cold storage is mostly old and old cold storage, and the cold storage in accordance with the requirements of modern logistics is less than that of the cold storage. With the development of the national economy and the continuous improvement of the living standard of the whole people, the cold chain logistics industry has developed rapidly and has a broad prospect. In particular, the government attaches great importance to it in recent years, and has introduced a series of policies to guide the development of cold chain industry. According to the statistics of the medium and cold alliance, between 2010 and 2016, there were 46 relevant policies, including 11 industrial policies, 29 guiding policy, 4 normative policies, 2 support policies, and 11 new policies in 2017. As a result, cold storage is built all over the country. In the newly built cold storage, the assembly Library of multilayer civil cold storage and steel structure storehouse occupies the majority. In addition, the automated elevated cold storage, with its advantages of automation, information and data, is gradually accepted and accepted by users, and the proportion of the new cold storage is on the rise.
 
Construction cost of multi-layer civil cold storage

The construction cost of multi-layer civil construction cold storage is mainly civil construction, which can account for more than 70%. The other parts are mainly invested by equipment and facilities, such as refrigeration and heat preservation system, electric, elevator, forklift and so on. To meet the temperature and basic transport demand, the brand and types are many, and the technology and products are very mature.
 
Construction cost of automation elevated cold storage
 
The mainstream construction mode of automated elevated freezer is divided into two types, one is the split rack type and the other is the rack and rack type. The separation type of the library is low and difficult in design and technology. But because of the construction of civil construction, the cost of construction is larger and the effective utilization rate of space is low. It has the advantages of low cost, good structure stability, high space utilization and short construction period. It is more advanced and ideal for cold storage construction, but the technology is difficult. only a few manufacturers in China grasp its core construction technology.
 
In addition to the structure part, the main construction cost of the automatic overhead freezer includes stacker, conveyor, automatic control door, shuttle car and other storage automation equipment and control system. The cost is different according to the layout and throughput of different cold storage.  According to the relevant understanding, the same construction of a 25000 ton cold storage, civil construction multi-layer cold storage in accordance with the traditional form of cold storage design, automated overhead freezer using more advanced automation equipment and refrigeration equipment, stainless steel shell insulation, the total construction cost between 80 million to 90 million yuan.
 
Construction cost of assembly type cold storage
 
The assembly type cold storage mostly refers to the cold storage of the steel structure storehouse and the heat preservation storeboard, which is generally a single layer and occupies a large area. As the cost of steel structure is lower than the civil construction, and the price of steel continues to be low in recent years, the construction cost is generally low.
 
Cost comparison
 
To sum up, in terms of construction cost, the construction cost of automated elevated freezer and multi-storey civil building cold storage is getting closer, and the cost of fabricated cold storage is slightly lower.
 
Two. Analysis of the operation cost of cold storage in China

Cold storage has been considered to be a large electricity consumer. In terms of operation cost, electricity cost and labor cost are the two most important items.
 
Electricity cost
 
According to the medium and cold unio, because of the inadequate application of energy saving and energy saving technology, the power consumption of our cold storage is about 15 billion kwh a year, the energy consumption per unit volume is 30-50kwh/m /a, and the energy consumption rating certification standard is lack. The energy consumption of cold storage is mainly concentrated in the refrigeration system (energy consumption is closely related to the maintenance mechanism of cold storage and outdoor temperature difference). In addition, the rental price increase of cold storage is not obvious. In terms of "north, upper and wide", the average price of cold storage within five rings of Beijing city is 3.2-3.5 (day / ton / yuan, and the price range outside five rings is 2.2-2.8 (day / ton / yuan), and the average price of Shanghai cold storage is 4-4.5 (day / ton / yuan), and the average price of cold storage in Guangdong is 3-3.5 (day / ton / yuan).
 
Labor cost
 
In terms of labor cost, the working environment of cold storage is poor, which requires high requirements for operators. Taking 25000 tons of cold storage as an example, a large number of artificial labor, operation equipment and management are generally needed in the civil and traditional assembly style cold storage. It is calculated by 60 people and estimated by the average salary level of the industry, and the artificial cost is up to about 3000000 yuan per year. Automatic cold storage, due to the use of a large number of automation equipment, information system, and so on, the number of workers greatly reduced, the scale of the cold storage may only need 20 people, labor costs down to about 1000000 yuan each year.
 
Other costs
 
Other aspects of operation cost include equipment depreciation, equipment maintenance, investment interest and so on.
 
Cost comparison
 
By comparison, the operation cost of multi-storey civil construction cold storage is the highest, the fabricated cold storage is in the middle, and the cost of automatic elevated freezer is lower than the first two kinds.
Therefore, through the use of more energy-saving technology and advanced automation, information technology, combined with a more perfect management system, it can greatly reduce the cost of electricity consumption and labor, reduce the cost of cold storage operation, and indirectly create profits and value for enterprises.
 
Three. Control and optimization of the construction and operation cost of cold storage
 
Because the cost of electricity in the cold store is the main operating cost and remains high, reducing the cost of electricity has become a topic of concern for the cold store operators. In addition, reducing labor cost is also an effective way to reduce the operation cost of cold storage.

Energy consumption control of refrigeration system
 
In the refrigeration system, the system maintains a high cooling efficiency. The evaporation pressure, the temperature, the condensation pressure and the temperature are the main parameters. The temperature difference between the evaporation temperature and the storehouse temperature increases. The evaporation temperature will be too low, which leads to the decrease of the efficiency coefficient of the refrigeration and the increase of energy consumption. It is estimated that when the other conditions are unchanged, the evaporation temperature will be reduced by 1 degrees per hour, which will consume more electricity than 1-2%. Temperature difference is an important basis for operation and adjustment. According to the actual conditions and system changes, the operating parameters should be adjusted and controlled continuously to make it run under reasonable economic parameters. The efficiency of equipment can be fully played, and the safety of machine equipment and storage products can be ensured. In addition, the increase of temperature difference will also accelerate the frosting speed of the evaporator and reduce the humidity of the storeroom, resulting in the increase of food dry consumption and the decline of food quality. The difference between the evaporation temperature and the storeroom temperature is usually 8-10 degrees C. The evaporation temperature of the cold storage of the fruits and vegetables is generally designed to be -10-10 C, the freezing is -28 C and the freezing is -33 C. In Europe and other developed countries, the difference between evaporation temperature and storehouse temperature is generally 3-5 degrees.
 
Besides, refrigeration equipment selecion and system design should be started from the storage category of cold storage and targeted design. For example, the evaporator chooses the exhaust pipe or the cold air blower, and the tube should save electricity than the cold wind machine. The compressor should choose the multi head parallel refrigeration unit. The number of single machine should be matched according to the use of the single room of the cold storage. The design of superheat should be chosen comprehensively, and the refrigeration efficiency should be increased as much as possible, and the layout and trend of pipelines should be optimized.
Now a lot of cold storage in order to save electricity will use peak and valley electricity price difference to adjust, such as the peak electric charge in the daytime, turn off the cold, try not to open the door and not go in and out of the goods, at night, when the electricity cost is low, then pull the cold, pull to a very low temperature. Though it can save money, it will cause huge fluctuations in the temperature of the cold store, which will adversely affect the quality of the stored goods. Therefore, many high-end customers do not allow large cold store temperature fluctuations.
 
Optimization of structure design for cold storage
 
In the aspect of cold storage structure design, cold storage structure usually adopts the form of column beam and internal insulation, and the cold bridge of the structure itself can not be avoided. If the cold storage is used with insulation board, the joints and nails between the insulation boards are difficult to be durable and weatherable, the performance of thermal insulation is fast, it is difficult to maintain the thermal insulation for a long time, resulting in increasing cooling and increasing the cost of electricity.
The opening of the cold storage door is also the main factor of the cold consumption. The turnover of the employees will lead to the direct exchange of hot and cold air. The hot air permeates the reservoir through the gate, which not only causes the increase of heat and the temperature of the reservoir, but also makes the cold air blower or evaporator pipe frosting, which causes the fluctuation of Cunevin and humidity. It also causes the storage quality of the products and also causes a lot of cold consumption and electricity consumption.
 
Structural design is a problem that is difficult to avoid and solve in the original cold storage technology. The storage frame integrated cold storage can solve the structural problems very well. First, it adopts the library frame structure to avoid the cold bridge and the inner space problem of the traditional column beam structure; two is to heat insulation and wrap the whole structure, form the same heat preservation as the refrigerator, solve the cold bridge and leakage problems in an all-round way, and the three is to use two channels to each other. Lock high speed self controlled cold storage door is combined with automation system to solve the problem of opening door and closing door. At present, the frame and shelf integrated cold storage is a more advanced and reasonable structure form, and the energy saving effect is very significant.
 
The energy saving of the cold storage is not only determined by the equipment level, but its architectural form, thermal insulation performance, the design of the door, the dressing and cold storage, and the arrangement of the cold room should be optimized. The construction of cold storage is a systematic project. It needs to be tailored, each component and process are linked together, with a good design and construction team and a perfect management process, effectively improving the structure and thermal insulation design, reducing the cost of electricity consumption and reducing the operating cost of cold storage.
 
Application of automatic storage system

In terms of human cost, the traditional cold storage workers work in the low temperature environment, the conditions are hard, the damage to the body is great, and the error rate in the storage of goods will be increased, which brings the direct and indirect cost to the business operation. The automatic three-dimensional cold storage uses the computer to manage the information of goods accurately and accurately, which reduces the possible errors in the storage of goods and improves the efficiency of the work. At the same time, in the delivery of warehouses and warehouses to achieve automation, handling work is safe and reliable, reduce the damage rate of goods, and reduce the damage that people may suffer when carrying goods.
 
Four, the future development trend of the construction and operation of cold storage
 
According to the current business model of the mainstream cold chain enterprises, the corresponding cold storage types can be divided into six types: storage type, market type, central and regional distribution type, city distribution type, e-commerce residence type, and origin type.
 
Storage type cold storage
 
The storage type cold storage is the largest cold storage type in the market at present. It is mainly used for storage of frozen products such as aquatic products and meat. This type of cold storage is mainly based on commodity storage function, with less commodity category and less storage cycle for six months. Civil construction, multi-storey cold storage, assembly cold storage, automatic three-dimensional cold storage have been seleced.
 
Market type cold storage
 
The so-called market type cold storage is mainly based on the cold store built in the wholesale market of agricultural products, which needs storage function and is leased to the merchants in the market. At present, the market type cold storage is mainly composed of multi-storey buildings or small cold storage. The height of each layer of multi storey buildings is about 5 meters, and the goods are mostly stored in the form of heaped goods. In recent years, the market type cold storage has also developed towards the direction of automatic three-dimensional storage.
 
Central and regional distribution cold storage
 
The service radius of this type of cold storage is large. Considering the planning of cold storage, the weight of storage function is greater than that of distribution function. Because of the distribution function, this type of cold storage has certain requirements for the area and temperature of the receiving and delivery area. The storage of goods is mostly shelf form, and the height of the cold storage is usually determined by the shelf height. In recent years, automated stereoscopic cold storage is applied more and more in regional distribution cold storage.
 
Urban distribution cold storage

The location of cold storage in urban distribution area is the most convenient location, which is closest to the center or customer, and the most convenient transportation. At present, the urban distribution of developed cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, and the extension of the urban central area make the location of such cold storage increasingly difficult. In the planning of the reservoir area, the distribution function of the urban distribution type is more than the storage function, and the operation process pays more attention to the time and efficiency of the circulation of goods. Therefore, there are very high requirements for the channel, storage space and import and export position. Multi layer layout is the main trend of city distribution of cold storage, and even considered with a dry storage area. The automatic stereoscopic cold storage is especially suitable for this kind of cold storage.
 
The electricity supplier delivery type refrigerator
 
The cold storage is a form of cold storage in urban distribution, but it has its own characteristics in function planning. With the development of fresh electricity providers in recent years, especially vertical electric providers prefer to build their own cold storage, so the home distribution refrigerated stores are mostly self catering businesses. Most of the cold stores are built into fabricated cold storage and automatic stereoscopic cold storage.
 
Producing cold storage
 
At present, the domestic cold storage type is mostly storage type. With the development and application of fresh-keeping technology of fresh agricultural products, especially vegetable and fruit, the fresh-keeping treatment after picking has been paid more and more attention. It is an important link to precold treatment after picking vegetables and fruits. In recent years, more and more newly built cold storage buildings are equipped with pre cooling or pre cooling equipment. The cold storage is mostly built as an assembly cold store, and the automatic three-dimensional cold storage is gradually accepted by users.
 
In the future, the positioning of cold storage will increase from "from a single library to a composite library, from a small to a small to a regular model, from a cryogenic storage to a cold chain, from a dedicated warehouse to a remote intelligence, from an artificial sorting to automation, from a scattered and zero rent to a warehouse customization, from the disposal fee to the cold storage finance". And towards the direction of energy conservation, environmental protection and efficient development. In particular, there will be the following trend: the cold chain logistics industry in China will maintain a rapid growth rate of 15-20% per year during the "13th Five-Year" period. It is expected that by 2020, China's cold storage capacity will break through 50 million tons; the national relevant policies will continue to promote; the national legal standards guide; the green intelligent refrigeratory is vigorously developed; capital operation With the logistics real estate, integration, merger and reorganization into the fast lane; new cold storage technology will be widely used; "single cold storage" will be customized to the complex and high standard industry.

To sum up, perhaps the "automatic three-dimensional cold storage" will become the development trend of the future cold storage construction. "Automatic three-dimensional cold storage" advantages: realize automatic operation, large throughput, save manpower; use information intelligent management, improve the management efficiency; can ensure that the commodity in accordance with the "advanced first out" principle to manage, greatly improved the quality of the storage of goods; save the land and so on. With these advantages, the "automatic three-dimensional cold storage" can meet and improve the demand of the mainstream cold chain logistics enterprises in China.
 
Reducing the cost of construction and operation is the inevitable choice for every cold chain enterprise to improve its market competitiveness and sustainable development. The "automatic three-dimensional cold storage" can effectively reduce the construction cost and operation cost of cold storage, and is a good choice for the construction and operation of cold storage in China. China has a clear goal in the development of intelligent operation. In addition to the numerical control machinery industry, the automation control operation of the cold storage industry is also a development focus. In the era of intelligence, the cold storage industry needs to follow the trend and constantly improve technology so as to get faster and better development.
 
Source: medium and cold unio official micro

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