A summary of the mode of transportation and the comparison of its advantages and disadvantages
- 2018-04-16 14:08
- Traffic, transportation, highway, railway and waterway pipeline
The choice of transportation mode is an important part of logistics system decision. It is an important content of rationalization of logistics. It is necessary to choose the most suitable mode of transportation for the import and export of goods, and the criteria for judging the means of transportation include the nature of the goods, the time of transportation and the applicability of the time of delivery. Transportation cost, batch adaptability, mobility and convenience of transportation, safety and accuracy of transportation. For cargo owners, the safety and accuracy of transportation, the low cost of transportation and the total transportation time are the main points. In the main year of the industry, it is made to pay attention to the low cost of transportation, and the wholesale and retail industries attach importance to the safety and accuracy of transportation, as well as the quality of transportation services, such as the shortening of the total transportation time.
Specifically, in the choice of transport means, the first quality is the type of transport goods, second consideration of the transport volume, third consideration of transportation distance, fourth consideration of transportation time, fifth consideration of transportation costs. There are five basic ways of transportation. Their economic and service characteristics are as follows:
1. Highway transportation
Highway transportation can provide more flexible and diversified services, which are used for door to door services of small and high price goods. The economy is generally within 200 kilometers.
The advantages of highway transportation are as follows:
(1) the speed of transportation is fast.
High reliability, less damage to the product.
High mobility, the choice of different traffic routes, flexible operation schedule, so the service is convenient, can provide door to door service, the market coverage rate is high.
The investment is small and the economic benefit is high. Because transportation enterprises do not need to own roads, their fixed costs are very low, and the turnover speed of highway transportation investment is fast.
The operator is easy to train.
Its shortcomings are:
(1) the change cost is relatively high. The construction and maintenance cost of highway is often charged to the Waterman in the form of tax and fee.
(2) transport capacity is small, and restricted by volume, it can not transport a large number of different varieties and large pieces of goods like railway transportation.
3. Energy consumption is high, environmental pollution is much more serious than other transportation modes, and labor productivity is low.
(4) more land occupied.
To sum up, road transportation is mainly applied to the following tasks:
(1) the near distance independent transport operation;
(2) supplementing and connecting other modes of transportation, when other modes of transportation are responsible for the main transportation, the vehicle is responsible for the transportation task of the area wher the short path of the starting point and the end point of the car can not be reached by other modes of transportation.
2. Railway transportation
The railway can provide a long range of commodities with low cost, low energy transport, and more bulk cargo with at least one vehicle skin. The economic mileage of the railway is generally more than 200 kilometers.
The advantages of railway transportation are as follows:
(1) the speed is fast, and the speed can reach 80~120 km.
Second, the transport capacity is large, which can meet the one-time and efficient transportation of large quantities of goods.
(3) the continuity of transportation is strong. Because the transportation process is limited by natural conditions, it can provide all-weather operation.
Rail transport has high safety performance and smooth operation.
It has good general performance and can transport various kinds of goods.
The transportation costs (especially to lower cost).
The low energy consumption
Its shortcomings are:
The limitation of equipment and platform makes railway transportation with high fixed cost, long construction period and large land occupation.
Second, because the design capacity is certain, when the market volume increases rapidly at a certain stage, it is difficult to get transport opportunities in time.
3. The fixed cost of railway transportation is very high, but the variable cost is relatively low, which makes close distance freight higher.
(4) under long distance transportation, there is a long stay on the road due to the need for truck distribution.
(5) due to the large number of loading and unloading times in railway transportation, the accidents of goods miscarriage or loss are usually more than those of other modes of transportation.
To sum up, it is mainly applicable to the following tasks:
Medium and long distance transportation of bulk low value goods is also suitable for transporting bulk and canned goods.
It is suitable for high efficiency transport of large quantities of goods.
3. For freight that has low freight capacity and large volume and long distance, freight is cheaper.
(4) rail transportation, the safety factor is big.
3. Air transport
The advantages of air transport are:
(1) high speed, advanced performance of the civil aviation aircraft, such as Boeing 767, 747, Airbus, and so on, flying at more than 1000 kilometers per hour, this is the other way of transportation can not be seen.
(2) short path, air transportation is carried out in three-dimensional space, it is almost unaffected by any obstacle on the ground, can achieve straight line transport between two points, and can reach the place wher Dali transportation can't reach.
(3) the cost of capital construction is low, and a civil aviation line with a capacity of 1000 kilometers is needed to invest 500 million yuan, covering 10 thousand mu. A new long railway will cost 2 billion yuan, covering an area of 45 thousand mu.
(4) the capacity of passenger transport is large. A train from Beijing to Guangzhou takes four days to make a round trip, which can carry about 2000 passengers. A Boeing 747 aircraft with 300 seats will carry 4800 people in 4 days and 8 times more than two times for buses.
The shortcoming of air transportation is:
First, the cost of transportation is high and the price is expensive.
Second, it is limited by the weather conditions. These shortcomings largely restrict the wide application of air transportation. In general countries, they only undertake transportation between big cities and international fast passenger transport, as well as valuable, tight, fresh-keeping, first aid and other materials, newspapers and mail.
4. Waterway transportation
There are usually four forms of waterway: A coastal transportation, B offshore transportation, C ocean transportation, D inland waterway transportation.
Its main advantages are
(1) large capacity, capable of transporting huge quantities of goods.
Second, the general purpose is strong, and the passenger and cargo is two.
The transport of bulk goods overseas, the connection is the ocean continent horngjaan, ocean shipping is a strong pillar of the development of international trade.
(4) low transportation cost, can provide the maximum freight volume with the lowest unit transport cost, especially when transporting bulk cargo or bulk cargo, the use of special ship transport can achieve better technical and economic effects.
High labor productivity
The average distance long, its disadvantages are: affected by natural factors and meteorological conditions. Because of the noise of the season, climate, water level and so on, the water transport is subject to a large scale, so the time of transportation is longer in one year and the operation scope is limited (3) the navigation risk is large, the transportation speed is slow, the punctuality is poor, and the goods on the way are too many, and the owner's liquidity is increased and the operation risk will increase. The transportation cost and loading and unloading cost are high, which is the largest load capacity, which results in the largest volume of loading and unloading operations.
Therefore, the main task of water transport is to undertake the following tasks:
(1) undertake large quantities of goods, especially container transport.
(2) undertake the transportation of bulk goods such as semi-finished products.
(3) undertake the transport of China World Trade Center, that is, long distance and large volume of transport, and do not require quick arrival of the national standard of passenger and freight transportation.
5. Pipeline transportation
It is a new mode of transportation developed in recent decades. The transportation mode of pipeline transportation is achieved by the orderly movement of objects in the pipeline along the pressure direction. An important difference from other modes of transportation is that the pipeline equipment is stationary. At present, the global pipeline transportation takes a large proportion of source material transportation, including crude oil, refined oil, antenna gas, associated gas and coal slurry. The volume of its completion is often much higher than that of people.
The main advantages are:
(1) transport efficiency is high, suitable for automation management, pipeline transportation is a continuous project, transportation system does not exist idle travel, so the system transport efficiency is very high;
2. The construction period is short, the cost is low, and the transportation cost is low.
Low energy consumption, low cost and good benefit;
(4) large volume and strong continuity;
Safe, reliable and stable operation. It will not be affected by bad climatic conditions.
The buried underground, so small;
The environmental protection, it can better meet the requirements of environmental protection and transportation engineering;
The risk of the goods loss is very small.
Source: geographic information of college entrance examination